Multiscale Pharmacology of Natural Products: Linking Molecular Features, Cellular Pathways, Organ-Level Effects, and Clinical Relevance

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Natural product pharmacology routinely spans multiple biological and interpretive scales, from phytochemical identity and molecular interactions to cellular pathway modulation, tissue responses, organ-level effects, and clinical relevance. This scale diversity creates a recurrent translational problem because evidence generated at one level is often interpreted as if it were sufficient to justify conclusions at another. The purpose of this article is to propose a multiscale pharmacology framework for natural product research that preserves scale-specific evidence while organizing structured links across molecular, cellular, organ-level, exposure, safety, and translational domains. The framework begins with natural product identity, botanical source, phytochemical composition, and molecular feature characterization, then progresses through bioactivity evidence, target annotation, target engagement hypotheses, off-target risk, and cellular pathway mapping supported by omics evidence where available. It next incorporates tissue context, organ-system relevance, pharmacokinetic exposure, ADME considerations, and safety signals so that organ-level interpretation is not detached from exposure-response reasoning. Clinical relevance is addressed through biomarker interpretation, disease-phenotype mapping, clinical endpoint boundaries, and uncertainty-aware translational mapping. Validation is treated as a central boundary condition rather than a downstream formality, with explicit attention to scale-transition gaps, evidence triangulation, expert review, and feedback updating. The main contribution is an original conceptual framework that supports research prioritization and mechanism-oriented interpretation while avoiding unsupported clinical or therapeutic claims.