TY  - JOUR
T1  - Model the Therapeutic Microenvironment Before Optimizing the Natural Product Lead Across Oxygenation, Matrix Properties, Cellular Crosstalk, Metabolism, and Local Drug Exposure
A1  - Carlos Ramirez
A1  - Elena Torres
A1  - Pablo Ortega
A1  - Sofia Mendes
JF  - International Journal of Pharmaceutical And Phytopharmacological Research
JO  - Int J Pharm Phytopharmacol Res
SN  - 2250-1029
Y1  - 2026
VL  - 16
IS  - 4
DO  - 10.51847/cAtg9FGEh2
SP  - 1
EP  - 9
N2  - Natural-product lead optimization commonly treats potency, selectivity, and chemical developability as properties of the candidate while treating the biological environment as background. Yet therapeutic activity is expressed within tissues whose oxygenation, redox state, extracellular matrix, cellular composition, local metabolism, and drug distribution can differ markedly from the conditions used for primary screening. This conceptual framework argues that such differences should be represented as pharmacological state variables when they are capable of changing a lead-selection decision. Evidence from cancer pharmacology shows that hypoxia can alter drug vulnerability, extracellular-matrix mechanics can reshape signaling and resistance, stromal signals can modify target dependence, local metabolic systems can transform therapeutic molecules, and spatially heterogeneous exposure can separate nominal dose from tissue-level pharmacology. The proposed therapeutic-microenvironment framework therefore treats lead performance as conditional on a set of plausible biological states rather than as a single potency value obtained under one reference condition. It further distinguishes evidence-supported environmental mechanisms from proposed integration, measured exposure from inferred target engagement, and biological complexity from model complexity. The intended use is not to maximize experimental realism, but to identify when environmental dimensions are sufficiently plausible, measurable, and decision-relevant to justify inclusion during optimization. The framework remains oncology-dominant, non-validated as an integrated ranking system, and unsuitable for assuming universal microenvironmental effects across natural products, diseases, or treatment mechanisms without direct testing.
UR  - https://eijppr.com/article/model-the-therapeutic-microenvironment-before-optimizing-the-natural-product-lead-across-oxygenation-c4flsgb394pwfjj
ER  -